![]() Conclusions: At present, no evidence suggests that sampling technique affects the accuracy of the microbiological diagnosis in non-pregnant women with symptoms of urinary tract infection in primary care. In infection rate between mid-stream-clean-catch, mid-stream-urine and random samples. Urine sampling techniques in symptomatic primary- care patients A self developed and well validated questionnaire was used for dataĆ . A correlational design was utilized and a purposive sample of 74 PLWHA participated in the study. Study was to ascertain the relationship between home- based care and quality of life of PLWHA in support groups in. We highlight the working principle and fabrication of each sample pretreatment device, the existing challenges and the future perspectives for developing paper- based sample pretreatment technique. ![]() We firstly discuss the beneficial use of paper for sample pretreatment, including sample collection and storage, separation, extraction, and concentration. In this review, we focus on the importance of using paper as a platform for sample pretreatment. Therefore, there is an escalating demand for a cost-effective, simple and portable pretreatment technique, to be coupled with the commonly used paper- based assay (e.g. However, a high-cost, time-consuming and equipment-dependent sample pretreatment technique is generally required for raw sample processing, which are impractical for low-resource and disease-endemic areas. In recent years, paper- based point-of- care testing (POCT) has been widely used in medical diagnostics, food safety and environmental monitoring. Tang, Rui Hua Yang, Hui Choi, Jane Ru Gong, Yan Feng, Shang Sheng Pingguan-Murphy, Belinda Huang, Qing Sheng Shi, Jun Ling Mei, Qi Bing Xu, Feng Advances in paper- based sample pretreatment for point-of- care testing.
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